Essay about Hypocrisy Of The Scarlet Letter - 1685 Words

In The Scarlet Letter Hypocrisy is evident everywhere. The characters of Hester, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, and the very society that the characters lived in, were steeped in hypocrisy. Hawthorne was not subtle in his portrayal of the terrible sin of hypocrisy; he made sure it was easy to see the sin at work , at the same time however, parallels can be drawn between the characters of The Scarlet Letter and of today’s society. The first character, Hester Prynne, is guilty of adultery and of hypocrisy. She supposedly loves Dimmesdale, yet she says nothing while for seven years Dimmesdale is slowly tortured. The love she felt that was so strong that it made her break sacred vows must have disappeared. Dimmesdale is continually†¦show more content†¦Hester loves Dimmesdale, but she does not love him enough to expose his sin publicly, and she conceals her knowledge of Chillingworth. Either you love something whole-heartedly, or you do not. Hawthorne might have portrayed Hester in a more favorable light then the other characters, but still she should have to wear a scarlet H in addition to her A. The second character, Arthur Dimmesdale is the epitome of hypocrisy. Hawthorne intended his name to have symbolic meaning, Dimmesdale meaning dim or not very bright. Arthur might be bright in the areas of theology, but when it comes to hypocrisy, he is a fool. Dimmesdale says very near the beginning of the book â€Å"What can thy silence do for him, except to tempt him---yea, compel him, as it were---to add hypocrisy to sin?†(Dimmesdale 47). He knows what will happen to him if he endures his sin in private, but he is too weak at this point in the book to admit it. The tapestries of biblical adultery, which are found in Arthur’s room, are hypocritical. These are supposed to help him atone for his sins by making him feel guilty, but he feels no better. Arthur goes and preaches every week on how bad sin is, and how he is the worst sinner of them all. These partial confessions just make him more of a hypocrite. Dimmesdale knows how the parishioners will interpr et these confessions; he is not blind to their looks of adoration. Dimmesdale enjoysShow MoreRelatedHypocrisy in the Scarlet Letter937 Words   |  4 PagesHypocrisy in the Scarlet Letter â€Å"Truth was the one virtue which I might have held fast†¦ save when thy good – thy life – thy fame – were put into question.† These words spoken by Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter display her practice of situational morals and hypocrisy. Hawthorne displays this major element of human nature, hypocrisy in all characters save young Pearl who is blatantly unique from most people. Dimmesdale, Hester, and the entire Puritan community are hypocrites, and their hypocrisyRead MorePuritan Hypocrisy in the Scarlet Letter1870 Words   |  8 PagesHypocrisy of the Puritans â€Å"When you fast, do not look gloomy like the hypocrites. They neglect their appearance, so that they may appear to others to be fasting. Amen I say to you, they have received their reward (New American Bible Matthew 6:16).† The Puritans that settled into Massachusetts in the seventeenth century were some of the most religious people to be seen throughout History. Prior to landing in America they had already abandoned two countries in order to â€Å"purify,† their PuritanRead More Puritan Hypocrisy Exposed in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1235 Words   |  5 PagesPuritan Hypocrisy Exposed in The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚   Throughout The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne repeatedly portrays the Puritanical views of sin and evil.   The Puritans are constantly displayed as believing that evil comes from an unyielding bond being formed between love and hate.   For such reasons they looked towards Hesters commitment of adultery as an action of pure, condemned evil.   However, through the use of light and dark imagery, Hawthorne displays who truly holds evil in theirRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter Theme Analysis: Sin, Hypocrisy, and Corruption2626 Words   |  11 PagesThe Scarlet Letter Essay Prompt: How does Hawthorne develop his themes of sin, hypocrisy, and corruption in the Puritan society through the occurrences of the scarlet letter, the scaffold, the Puritans, the prison, and the forest in the story? In the world today, themes and symbolisms have played a major role in the development and presentation of past and present novels. These themes and symbolisms within a novel shape the overall story and often work hand in hand to convey its purpose and meaningRead MoreThe Sin Of Adultery In Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1001 Words   |  5 Pagesexceedingly harsh towards the sin of adultery. Some extreme punishments for adultery include: public humiliation, physical abuse, and even death. However, many people escaped the harsh punishments for this crime, including Arthur Dimmesdale. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne conveys that organized religion and the Puritan movement are hypocritical, sanctimonious, and will inevitably acquire the equitable justice that the members deserve. The married couple, Hester Prynne and Roger Chillingworth, prepareRead MoreDr. Dimmesdale s Faulty Attributes1108 Words   |  5 Pagesare sinning is for the good of others. However, what good will lying do for us and to what end will it lead us? Nathaniel Hawthorne creates the character of Arthur Dimmesdale to illustrate how a lie derived of cowardice and self-deception lead to hypocrisy and misery. Read More Scarlett Letter Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesThe Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a tale set around the lives Puritan people, and how a women branded by them learns to live with their hypocrisy. The story strikes many points about Hester’s inner struggles, her relationship with her daughter Pearl, and how to except herself, but on e of the greater focuses does not lie within her, but with the Puritans themselves. What I speak of is how Hawthorne criticizes the Puritan people on their hypocrisy. Specifically, by use of the Scarlet LetterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1414 Words   |  6 PagesHypocrisy is not only prevalent in present day but is also shown during the age of the Puritans. The Puritans may have given the impression of having lived a righteous and holy pure life, but in the end, they all fall victims to sin because of human nature and free will. The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne does an outstanding job of portraying the Puritans and their many struggles within their religious beliefs throughout their community. The society in which these main charactersRead MoreArthur Dimmesdales Guilt and Hypocrisy Essay829 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Dimmesdale’s Guilt and Hypocrisy By Ashlyn R. Thomas In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s gripping tale, The Scarlet Letter, a revered Puritan minister suffers from cowardly guilt and hypocrisy after he commits adultery in this novel staged in the seventeenth century. Arthur Dimmesdale, who hides himself in the shame of his lover, Hester Prynne, protects his reputation among the Puritan people. The scaffold, a public symbol of disgrace, contrasts with the pastor’s silent sin of adultery. When HesterRead MoreBeing Earnest By Oscar Wilde1332 Words   |  6 PagesThat would be hypocrisy.† Wilde’s quote is indirectly connected to the idea of moral ambiguity that The Scarlet Letter portrays. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s classic novel The Scarlet Letter depicts the actuality of romance, sin, and revenge rooted in the 17th century American society. Strong Puritan beliefs of the characters in The Scarlet Letter created many different forms of moral ambiguity that can be described as illustrating both good and evil. Among the characters in the Scarlet letter with such moral

The Brazilian Culture Of Brazil Essay - 1683 Words

Much like the U.S., Brazilian culture is extremely diverse. Brazil’s current population of 190 million represents various nationalities from European to African (Country Facts). Brazil has an extremely diverse culture with some common pervasive threads that grouped together give Brazil a national identity. The concept of aesthetics describes what people of certain cultures tend to consider to be popular or in good taste (Wild Wild, 2014). To this extent, despite being mostly unified by a single language, Brazil represents such a diverse culture that regional aesthetic variances could almost seem like they were different countries altogether (Castano, Goossens, Terlouw, and Vliet, n.d.). According to Encyclopedia Britannica, of all the cultures that make up the Brazilian way of life, the Portuguese culture is the dominant influence and provides the main language, religion, and many customs. Indigenous Indians and African influences are also apparent in some forms, especially in certain parts of the country. If one were to ask a Brazilian what symbols they feel would represent the culture of Brazil, Everyculture.com states that most in the country would view soccer, family, and the four-day national party called Carnival as the symbols of Brazil’s passion and free spirit. Values are those ideas and beliefs to which people are emotionally attached (Wild Wild, 2014), and to that end Brazilians have a very strong focus on family. Families in Brazil are typically large,Show MoreRelatedBrazilian Culture : Brazil And Brazil1191 Words   |  5 PagesBrazil Brazil is an up and coming BRIC country located in South America. Portuguese is the â€Å"official and most widely spoken language† within the borders of Brazil. In 2014, Brazil had the population of 206,077,898 (Brazil: Intro, n.d.) individuals. Over half of Brazil’s ethnicity is white individuals, while approximately a third of the country is a mixed white and black. A small portion of the region is black. Furthermore, less than ten percent of the country is remaining ethnicities, and theRead MoreBrazil Sports - An Important Part of Brazilian Culture2813 Words   |  12 PagesBrazil is located on the eastern part of South America has the fifth largest population of about 200 million people (Stambulova Ryba, 2013, p. 64). It’s the only Portuguese speaking country in Latin America and the Roman Catholic Church is the national religion followed. The country’s Life expectancy is about 69 ; with the culture being influenced by Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Japan and Arab immigrants; allowing the country to have a diverse cultural history. Brazil has a very successfulRead MoreSlavery and The Tropicalia Movement in Brazil1025 Words   |  4 Pages1850, and by 1871 the Brazilian legislature passed the Law of the Free Womb. This law was designed to grant freedom to slave’s newborn children and served as a precursor to the abolition of slavery in 1888. They made home for themselves in Brazil, as it had the largest amount of African diaspora. Former slaves and their descendants established an Afro Brazilian culture and the cultural traditions, notably musical, brought along with them inevitably mingled with those of Brazil. They brought new rhythmicRead MoreEssay on The Dimensions of Cultural Context1339 Words   |  6 Pagesinteraction. Culture provides the overall framework in which humans learn to organize their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in relation to their environment† (1). By going through the five d imensions of the cultural context of Brazil, a lot is revealed about the interesting culture, and gives a better understanding of how Brazilians live. The first dimension in the cultural context is whether the culture is individualistic or collectivistic. Most Latin countries are collectivistic, but Brazil hasRead MoreBrazil : An Emerging Economy992 Words   |  4 PagesAs an emerging economy, Brazil has gone through tremendous changes in the business sector. The Country’s rapid development and capabilities makes it a very promising destination to extend business. Growth and culture: Brail can be classified into two cultures; the upper class and the non-westernized rural culture. The most prominent reason multinational businesses fail abroad is because they are unaware of the culture. Therefore, it is imperative that managers learn to adopt and implement distinctRead MoreCultural Awareness Of Brazil, Unity Among Chaos. Introduction.1579 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Awareness of Brazil, Unity Among Chaos Introduction Every country in the world has its own challenges based on its location, economy and social make up. Brazil is no exception, but its response to these challenges makes it unique. The vast scope of Brazils varying demographics, leadership, economics and geography makes it a melting pot of diversity and the people of Brazil have embraced it. Their intention of distinguishing themselves from the rest of Latin America has proven to be aRead MoreGlobal Business Experience 2015 : Nikhil Atkuri1395 Words   |  6 Pagesemerging economy, Brazil is becoming a potential market for multinational corporations to conduct business. Brazil’s economy has improved drastically over the last decade. Brazil has been categorized with the four emerging economies collectively known as BRIC: Brazil, India, Russia, and China. The Country’s rapid development and capabilities makes it a very promising destination to extend business. Growth and culture: Brazil has become a more open economy since 1990. Differences in culture and growth areRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesCulture could be defined as all the ways of life including traditions, religion, language, behaviors, arts and everything that creates identity to a country. In such a globalized world, where in most organizations we have people from all over the world, it is very important to know about cross-cultural management in order to understand people’s behavior and needs in order to avoid problems and have a pleasant and successful workplace. My name is Mariana Martins and I am from Brazil. Below I willRead MoreBrazil Geography and Culture1542 Words   |  7 PagesBrazil: Geography and Culture Geography Brazil with a background of Portuguese colonialism back in 1500 is the largest nation in Latin America, nearly half (47%) of the South American continent, comprises slightly under half of the land mass in South America continent and share border with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador. Brazil size is almost the size of United States excluding Alaska. Brazil has 13 cities with over one million residents. The main capital is BrasiliaRead MoreCultural Differences Between Brazil And Brazil Essay950 Words   |  4 PagesCulture Religion Not only did the Portuguese influence Brazil about languages, but also religion. The Portuguese brought over their religion which was Roman Catholic. About 64% of the population ascribes to the Roman Catholic faith. Other religions in Brazil included: other Catholic religions, Protestant, Christians, Spiritism, and others. Only 8% of the population ascribe to no religion of any kind (Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.). Diversity Brazil has a rich culture with a unique blend of

Inequality And Class Conflict A Labor Theory Perspective

Inequality and Class Conflict: A Labor Theory Perspective Erich Guetzlaff Daniel Dinnebeil Curtis Jenkins Matt Martinez The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey November 19, 2014 Income inequality has reached a level of instability which has not been seen since the years leading up to the Great Depression. Income inequality refers to the difference of real income received by the varying socio-economic classes within an economy. There is no better example of this then the Great Depression in which greed sent twenty-five percent of the population into unemployment. Inequality.org defines income as â€Å"†¦the revenue streams from wages, salaries, interest on a savings account, dividends from shares of stock, rent, and profits from selling something for more than you paid for it.† As indicated in Figure 1 and discussed by Marcie Gardner and David Abraham in â€Å"Income Inequality†, the median U.S. household income in 2012 totaled $51,017. It wasn’t until The Great Recession (2007-2009) that the economy saw similar inequality as depicted during The Great Depression. Incomes were hit hard across the board. Median household income declin ed 8.1 percent between 2007 and 2012 (See Appendix A – Figure 1). In relation to economic recovery, after the Great Depression, between the end of World War II and the late 1970s, income equality in the United States was becoming more stable. To elaborate briefly, incomes at the bottom were rising faster than those at the top. SinceShow MoreRelatedConflict Theory1217 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Conflict Theory, society is: †¢ A struggle for dominance among competing social groups (classes, genders, races, religions, etc.). When conflict theorists look at society, they see the social domination of subordinate groups through the power, authority, and coercion of dominant groups. In the conflict view, the most powerful members of dominant groups create the rules for success and opportunity in society, often denying subordinate groups such success and opportunities; thisRead MoreWal Mart1969 Words   |  6 Pageslatent function could be to maintain social inequality by paying wages to employees. d. Does Wal-Mart have any dysfunctions for society? If so, what are they? How might these dysfunctions become incentives or catalysts for social change? Dysfunctions  are unconscious, unintended and have a negative effect on society. They are basically harmful consequences of people s actions. Yes, Wal-Mart has dysfunctions for society. It has been criticized by  labor unions  and other groups and individuals. PeopleRead MoreConflict Theories Focus On The Political Nature Of Crime1439 Words   |  6 PagesConflict theories focus on the political nature of crime and examine the creation and application of the law. Conflict theory fundamental assumption is that society is characterized more by conflict than by collective consensus. This characterization allows conflict theory to be viewed at on a continuous spectrum from different vantage points. On one end of the spectrum is the pluralistic view that infers that society is composed of different groups which are in a struggle for maintain their interestRead MoreEssay on Perspectives of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx1215 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives of Emile Durkheim and Ka rl Marx The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were full of evolving social and economic ideas. These views of the social structure of urban society came about through the development of ideas taken from the past revolutions. As the Industrial Revolution progressed through out the world, so did the gap between the class structures. The development of a capitalist society was a very favorable goal for the upper class. By using advanced methods of productionRead More Marx, Durkheim, Weber and Sociology Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagessociological theory. Though their works are decades old they still are a major part of what sociology is today. Though their theories can seem very different, there are some similarities. To become a great sociologist one most learn and understands how to use all sociological perspectives. To do this one must understand and use the different theoretical perspectives created by Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. Karl Marx theoretical perspective on conflict is by far one the most interesting theories in sociologyRead MoreEssay about Emile Durkheim vs Karl Marx1216 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Industrial Revolution progressed through out the world, so did the gap between the class structures. The development of a capitalist society was a very favorable goal for the upper class. By using advanced methods of production introduced by the Industrial Revolution, they were able to earn a substantial surplus by ruling the middle class. Thus, maintaining their present class of life, while the middle class was exploited and degraded. At this time in history, social theorists like Emile DurkheimRead MoreThe Conflict Theory Of Economic Inequality In Modern Society887 Words   |  4 PagesAs civilization has evolved, economic inequality has existed since the feudal era and has made its place in modern society. It is a dilemma that examines the gap between the low wealth of the middle-class worker and the p rofitable earnings of the monopolizing upper-class business owner. It is a socio- economic issue that can best explored through the lens of the conflict theory; thoroughly explaining as to how the wealth gap came to exist and the consequences of such an economic state on the interactionRead MoreSocial Conflict Theory1130 Words   |  5 Pagesquestioned. Critical criminology is a theoretical perspective in criminology which takes a conflict perspective, such as marxism, feminism, political economy theory or critical theory. The focus of critical criminology is the genesis of crime and nature of ‘justice’ within a structure of class and status inequalities. Law and punishment of crime are viewed as connected to a system of social inequality and as the means of producing and perpetuating this inequality.[1] Critical criminology sees crime as aRead MoreEducation as We See It1364 Words   |  6 Pagesexamples of conflict theory as applied to education. Additional social concepts brought up for discussion also include ethnocentrism, social inequality, as well as gender assumptions/discrimination. (Education as we see it) Conflict theory was originally coined by Karl Marx, and later adapted and developed by other theorists’ including Max Weber. According to Karl Marx, in all stratified societies there are two major social groups: a ruling class and a subject class. The ruling class exploitsRead MoreKarl Marx s View Of Contemporary Social Ills1674 Words   |  7 Pageshave shown that such decisions in most cases are made to service the elite’s value and economic interests; property ownership or production. Such directions within the society cause resentment and inequality when the larger mass is not included in the decision making. The inequality makes the elite class to enforce their wishes and will on the less fortunate (Jessop 174). This essay seeks to give a discussion of Karl Marx’s view of contemporary social ills, and how this is symbolic of the ongoing

MuCulloch versus Maryland Federal Power Essay - 913 Words

In the McCulloch v. Maryland, it opened up the issue of federal power, and how much should be given to the governments. Chief Justice, John Marshall stated that he wanted to expand the federal governments powers. This created an even bigger problem between the power of state and federal government. In 1816, the second national bank was established by Congress, and was questioned by many states on whether is was constitutional. Maryland then taxed all banks that were not charted by the state. James McCulloch, a federal cashier, refused to pay the tax. Maryland sued him in hopes to receive the taxes. The Supreme Court decided the bank was constitutional, but the Maryland tax was not. The Federal government gained some powers after, and†¦show more content†¦In Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution, there are 27 expressed powers granted to Congress. They are given the power to collect taxes, to grant patents and copyrights, to coin money, to declare war, to regulate foreign and interstate commerce, to raise and maintain armed forces, to fix standards of weights and measures, and many other jobs. The 16th amendment also gives Congress power to levy an income tax, done so in McCulloch v. Maryland. Other expressed powers given by the Constitution are showed in Article 2, Section 2, where it grants the President power to be commander in chief of the armed forces, assign federal officials, make treaties, and a few others. In Article 3, the Constitution grants powers to the Supreme Court. There are many expressed powers throughout the Constitution, diving the powers of our government equally and fairly. Implied powers are the powers given by the Constitution that are not stated exactly, but suggested or implied. In Article 1, Section 8 the Constitution states, to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.† Our government is to create laws that are necessary and proper, and that fit to the situations, under clause 18 of the Constitution. The Necessary and

Snake Free Essays

Analysis of Theme in â€Å"Snake† A theme found in the poem â€Å"Snake† is that the respect man has for nature hinges on the difference between instinct and learned behavior. D. H. We will write a custom essay sample on Snake or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lawrence expresses this theme through the use of similes and conflict. The literary elements used in the poem help clearly point out this meaningful message. As the poem begins, the narrator comes across a golden-brown snake as he approached his water trough. At first, the narrator shows respect and admiration for the creature. As stated in line (27), â€Å"But must I confess how I liked him, How glad I was he had come like a guest,† shows He felt honored by the snake’s presence. It is the narrator’s natural instinct to feel this way. The narrator then goes on to compare the snake to cattle by saying in line (16) â€Å"He lifted his head from his drinking, as cattle do, and looked at me vaguely, as drinking cattle do. † The use of this simile represents the respect the narrator has for the snake and reflects on the snake’s harmless behavior. Soon after, the narrator’s natural admiration and respect for the snake is interrupted by the voice of his education. Here begins the main internal conflict the narrator faces. The narrator listens to the voice in his conscience say, â€Å"The voice of my education said to me, he must be killed, for in Sicily the black, black snakes are innocent, the gold are venomous. and voices in me said, if you were a man, you would take a stick and break him now, and finish him off. (Line 22)† The narrator’s decision to listen to the voice of his education instead of his true feelings is what ultimately brings about the main consequence, which is the sense of guilt resulting from such a petty action. The consequence the narrator faced for killing the snake he had once admired was the feeling of regret and guilt. Although he showed respect and felt honored by the snake’s presence, both were overshadowed by the action of the narrator. The peaceful atmosphere immediately shifted when the narrator thought in his mind, â€Å"And immediately I regretted it. I thought how paltry, how vulgar, what a mean act! I despised myself and the voices of my accursed human education. (Line 63)† The negative feelings felt by the narrator were brought forth by something that man usually views as insignificant, the elationship between nature and man-kind. All that was left for the narrator to do was to extinguish his self-inflicted sense of sin against nature. The poem concludes on line 72 when the narrator utters, â€Å"And I have something to expiate: a pettiness. † The poem â€Å"Snake† clearly sends the message that the respect man has for nature depends on the differen ce between the inner conscience and the impulse of learned human behavior. The theme shines light on the importance of the relationship between nature and mankind because at the end of the day, they are both more similar than we assume. How to cite Snake, Papers

Different Attitudes

Question: Examine the different attitudes towards sex offenders between the psychology and non psychology students. and explain the descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Answer: Descriptive and Inferential statistics We have to find the descriptive statistics for the different variables under study. Also, we have to use the inferential statistics or two way analysis of variance for checking the significant difference between the different attitudes towards sex offenders between psychology and non psychology students. In the descriptive statistics, we have to find out the frequency distributions for the different variables regarding psychology and non psychology students. In the inferential statistics, we have to see the two way analysis of variance for testing the significant difference in the given levels of the variables under study. First of all, we have to see the descriptive statistics for the given variables. The frequency distribution for the variables is given as below: Frequency Distribution In this topic, we have to see the frequency distributions for the different variables under study. For the given data, as per gender distribution, there are 22 male and 32 female observed in the data. The percentage of the male is given as 40.7% while the percentage of the female is given as 59.3%. For the distribution of the ethnicity, there are 16 white persons, 12 are black British, 9 are Asian British, 2 are mixed while 15 are African. About 29 persons are of age range 18-24, 15 persons are of 25-34, seven persons are of 35-44, two persons are of 45-54 and one person are of age more than 55. From the given data, it is observed that about 22 persons see the BBC news, seven persons see the ITV news, seven persons see the channel 4, and two persons see the channel 5 news while nine persons see the SKY news. Also, it is observed that 35 persons see the fictional crime dramas while 19 persons do not see the fictional crime dramas. About 29 persons see the crime channel or documentarie s and 25 persons do not see the prime channel or documentaries. It is observed that about 14 persons read the Guardian newspaper, 15 persons reads the newspaper SUN, 13 reads The daily mail, 6 reads Independent, three reads daily telegraph while three reads the mirror express. It is observed that about 38 persons use the Facebook while 11 persons use the twitter and 5 persons use the instagram. Two Way ANOVA Now, we have to see the two way ANOVA which is given as below: Here, we have to check the hypothesis whether there is any significant difference exists between the different levels of the variables such as male and female sex offenders due to psychology and non-psychology students. The null and alternative hypothesis is given as below: Null hypothesis: H0: There is no any significant difference exists between the different levels of the variables such male and female sex offenders due to psychology students and non psychology students. The alternative hypothesis is given as below: Alternative hypothesis: Ha: There is a significant difference exists between the different levels of the variables such as male and female sex offenders due to psychology and non-psychology students. For this two way analysis of variance, it is necessary to establish the level of significance or alpha value and we assume the level of significance or alpha value as 0.05 or 5% We have to check this claim or hypothesis by using the two way analysis of variance or two way ANOVA test. The two way analysis of variance or ANOVA test for checking this hypothesis is summarised as below: Now, we have to take the decision based on the p-values of the given factors or variables under study. We know the decision rule which is given as below: We do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value and we reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the given level of significance or alpha value. Here, we are given a level of significance or alpha value = 0.05 or 5% level of significance. For this two way ANOVA we get the most of the p-values greater than alpha value 0.05, so we do not reject that there is no any significant difference between the given levels and replications. Therefore, we conclude that there is no any significant difference exists between the different levels of the variables such male and female sex offenders due to psychology students and non psychology students. References: Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, 2nd ed., Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972. Robert V. Hogg, Allen T. Craig, Joseph W. McKean, An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 2004. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001.

Political Violence and Civil Disobedience

Question: Discuss about thePolitical Violence and Civil Disobedience. Answer: Introduction The principle of democratic stability is the thing what prolongs government and guarantee stability is being supported willingly or with the citizens permission rather than reliance on compulsion. There exists a correlation between democratic steadiness and authenticity. As per Schedler, (2014), democratic stability entails that government is a creation of the peoples will, deriving its authority from the consent of the people. This fact suggests that the people, under the scenario that the government is not randomly are willingly supporting the government imposed on them. In a democratically steady society, democracy is stated to be either added or subtracted combined. The authoritarianism becomes inaccessible as democracy is witnessed to be the only game in the town. Non-governmental organizations, groups and individuals employ violence as instruments, pressing frontward their demands. However, violence when it becomes prevalent and uncontrollable becomes obstruction to the political stability and economic progression. Conceptualization wise, electoral violence is synonymously used in the following violence, arson, kidnapping, impulsive or not during and after the election proceedings. Physical threat that is conceded by the individuals or an individual contained by a political system against other groups or individuals having the intention on grounds of injury, decease to persons, targets choices and effects having political implication, tending to amend the behavior of others in the accessible political system arrangement. According to Bosi Malthaner, (2015), political violence can have two dimensions that generally are pre-electoral violence and post-electoral violence. The violence, which is pre-electoral, might arise where electoral laws or necessities are witnessed as favors for a particular individual at the disbursement of other. This might also take place when a particular individual becomes over determined and where he gets the alert that he might miss the electoral front. On the other hand, post-electoral violence may be unprompted. Different individuals feeling gutted and cheated, deprived by the unfairness, engineered this kind of violence because of the electoral process unfairness. This deprivation might be apparent or in real. In many countries the principle of such violence separately from looking for redress through unlawful means in destroying it if it cannot be achieved. In many countries, the political affliction could be investigated from various standpoints theoretically. This takes place because massive amount of symptoms are accountable for the electoral debacle in those countries. This paper takes into account the theory of conflict. At the initial stages of the theory, some proponents like Gluckman, Max Weber and Karl Marx secured their influences on facts that creation of a conflict situation is based on groups or individuals attempting to carry out their determination by trouncing the confrontation of other groups or individuals and their wellbeing in circumstances of resource scarcity (Bosi Malthaner, S2015). Conflict theory search for explaining in a scientifically manner the general outline of society conflict, like how a conflict starts and differs, and the effects it brings on the table. The conflict theory general concerns are the imbalanced distribution of resources that are scarce and supremacy. The theorists who believe in conflict witnesses power as the main characteristic of the society, instead of thinking society as held mutually by combined conformity considering a consistent set of cultural principles. The fundamentals of conflict theory are where power is positioned and the people using the same. Conflict theory analyze society as social battlefield where various individuals and groups challenge one another for obtaining the scarce resources most of which having financial implications influencing the society and the so-called levers of power (Rapoport Weinberg, 2013). The universal supposition is that in the economic system, wealth is regarded as power, having stratified communal system that is primarily distinguished by the members ability for producing wealth. Various scholars have described conflict as an aspect of social communication usually arising from the quest of interest that are divergent, ambitions and goals by groups and individuals in definite environment socially and physically. According to Chaturvedi, (2016), in countries like Nigeria and other African countries, the conflict source is power where politicians are challenging for entering within a system, acting in their self-centeredness and not for the peoples welfare. This arises from the interest divergence, goals, and individual aspirations or from the groups in defined social and corporeal surroundings having contestable admittance to political situations. Countries like Nigeria and Somalia are in a state of overabundance inconsistencies and tensions of a range of magnitude arising out of inappropriateness of individuals and interest of groups in political sequence and sharing of the office perquisites (Valentino, 2014). Political succession creates tension and sharing of office perquisites, the tension gives birth to violence that is politically related. For poor and non-stabilized countries shedding of blood for achieving and attaining political power is a gateway for attaining economic kingdom. There has been existence of political competition for the management of the state where its political power currently depicts a bloody warfare as state holds wealth as a key factor. Conflict theory is important as it enhances the scientific understanding , standing as an operational instrument for further assessing the political violences role and affecting on the democratic solidity of the countries. Elections have become an integral part of the global strategy of peace building that strongly associates peace to the development of democracy. As a tool of insertion and participation, electoral fields can offer a sturdy impetus for resolution of conflicts in environments that have been plugged by wars or societies that are divided. As per Gunaratna, 2017), violence related to elections has the ability to imperil democracy along with peace and stability for the objectives and prejudiced reasons. A constituencys direct participation can be affected along with the campaign candidates, interfering with their behavior towards democracy. Well-entrenched democracies like Japan and France have over the years experienced less political violence than the other non-democracies. This factor holds true for domestic terrorism as well as in-house armed conflicts and civil wars that have terrorized the African soil for many years. The unusual internal conflicts that the democracies practice like that of the Basque conflict, tends to lead to fewer casualties, as democratic governments are characteristically more self-possessed in their usage of violence against the innocent civilians. Democratic governments might find themselves at a disadvantageous position when it comes down to countering rebellion through the means of force, attracting less sadistic opposition. Democratic institutions are in the habit of offering nonviolent channels for determining politically related conflicts and a lawfully constrained governments retort for protesting as often witnessed to be legitimate. In such systems, a minor segment of the population has strong motivation for engaging in political violence. Different forms of political violence are most likely to take place in the political systems where oppression is stated to be incomplete- where opportunities for organizing political violence subsist and unproductive channels of institutions offer the enthusiasm of doing so (Du Toit Manganyi, 2016). Democracies have never really outlawed the political groups except those using the illegitimate approaches and political violence like the Baader-Meinhof group in 1970 Germany. Non-state parties demanding to arm conflict in democratic states like the IRA in Northern Ireland, unreasonably seeking protective autonomy instead of challenging the central government. In some of the cases, opportunistic actors complete autonomy demands with slim objectives like the separatists in Eastern Ukraine. These demands are ingrained in actual accusations arising as favors in decision-making in centralized conditions for the national majority than the domestic one, as case with Sri Lankan conflicts. Internal conflicts generally have a tendency to be more rare low and middle-income democracies than the high-income ones. While countries like Columbia, Sri Lanka and India have qualified long insurgencies, the European industrialized democracies have been spared largely. This susceptibility can be described probably through combining the low-income countries having stronger incentives for using violence for biased goals and attribute deficiencies in preponderance of the population part democratic governance- inclusive of corruption, legal systems that are weaker and unproductive bureaucracies and electoral indiscretion (Barkun, 2015). In political systems, insurgencies and other forms of political violence takes place that blends features of democracy and non-democracy. Conventionally, these systems related to semi-democracy like South Africa and Israel retaining control over the occupied territory in Palestine- having well-functioned establishments from which a broader part of the population have been excluded. On other occasions, in the form of semi-democracy becoming a common affair with leaders and representatives getting elected by, facing the constraints regarding fewer institutions in the office. Many of the African countries witness their presidents ruling with diminutive interference from their judiciaries, agreeing to bigger opportunities for rewarding their opinionated base and enriching themselves. This thing enhances the stake of elections, and the usage of violence in gaining attractive office. The extensive violence surrounding different elections that has being held in Kenya had foundation in such calculations. In avoiding the political violence and civil wars that has rocked many countries were the only criteria for assessing the political systems, despotism might be preferred in case of democracy (Fukuyama, 2014). Most of the Chinese people, for instance, are better off in the present scenario than they were probably forty years ago with economic growth and reduction in poverty reducing the violence risk. Autocratic government, though, is a poor guarantee of diminishing poverty. However, some of the democratic governments do decide strategies that asphyxiate growth, with none having the capability to compete with Chinas great leap forward failure and the crumple of Zimbabwe. Moreover, there is enough evidence that the socio-economic development has the tendency to promote more interactions that are passive between the civilizations, which is supposed to be much stronger when the political institutions of those are supposed to be democratic. Citizens need to develop into more educated bunch of people along with economies showing enough resilience on financial and capital related to humans, demanding for admired authority tending to become more louder. Activists are better placed in putting real pressure on the governments. As per O'brien, (2015), in situations of middle-income dictatorial systems, conflict covering the political system nature is the central motivation factor influencin g political violence. This takes place as suppressive tactics, which once happened to be efficient in hushing the illiterate survival farmers, being less efficient against educated but urban youths who have been unemployed. Even though the autocratic oppression might become effective in the short-run, it leans towards increasing dissatisfaction in the long-run period (Ziemann, 2016). Syria can be the best example of this situation where the atrocious Hama carnage during 1982 and the regime securitys efficiency during the Assad period handling stifling dissatisfaction over the years. The Assad government has been in power for over a long period. The long-term shortcomings of these strategy have been quite evident and it has failed miserably in guaranteeing the security of the Syrian people. Syria has been declared a troubled state, with the terrorist organization, ISIS controlling most of its part. The terrorist organization has been engaged in heavy war with the foreign forces. The democratization process has been violent and for eliminating, the political violence that occurs in the long-run, democratization is enhanced through conditional peace of the zoo that authoritarian states can offer. The present scenario has many such examples where democracies that are established are itself result of violent procedures. In the early 17th century, after the war followed the British magnificent revolution and occurrence of political violence continued for a long time with several protestors getting injured and some even killed in the 1819 massacre of Peterloo. 1790 terror witnessed the beginning of the French democracy with repeated turmoil that went well into the 19th century. Even the Scandinavian regions practiced political violence after the period of democratization. Conflicts that came out of labor conflicts involving the military troops with killing some of the people and injuring a lot shocked Sweden and Norway in the year 1931. In most of the cases though, violence paves way for non-violent politics where violence becomes less somber after the occurrence of few elections. The relationship that exists between the regime type and the political violence is far from being uncomplicated. In the view of the long-run, there is enough evidence that democratic establishments have been more successful in containing violence related to political affairs than the non-democratic ones (Blaug Schwarzmantel, 2016). Thoreau described civil disobedience as a ethical and social duty on the part of the Americans. He described social disobedience as an act of obstinate confrontation, achieved by not abiding by laws that he considered hypocritical. Not paying taxes might also be a case of civil disobedience, whereas refusing to play any significant role in the government proceedings is also an example of the same. However, civil disobedience has always been peaceful where it does not imply upon taking up of arms or taking help of violent means to attain the objectives. In the middle of the nineteenth century, America was swept over by the Mexican-American war. However, as is the case with many, a small minority were not happy with the proceedings. War was seen as a violent act on the weak and neighboring country. A man by the name of Henry David Thoreau thought the war to be very wrong. He declined to pay any sort of taxes to the government of America due to the fact he thought the war was wrong. Though, on the other hand, it was not legal either in not paying taxes which one owes to their government. The authorities of the American government threw Thoreau into jail for the same. Thoreau was happy to be in jail rather than either pay tax or penalty to be out of the jail. He acted in this manner to issue a strong public statement where he stated that he refused to support the war. Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Unitarian Minister and a friend of Thoreau, visited him in the jail. The minister did ask him for explanation on why he was happy being in jail when he had the resource to pay the taxes. Thoreau was brave enough to answer his friend where he said the concern should not be on what he is doing in there, but the apprehension should rather be on what the Utilitarian Minister was doing out there to stop the war. However, after a few days, a relative of Thoreau did pay the taxes on behalf of the man and upon his release from the jail; he wrote the revolutionary essay of Civil Disobedience, which explained every bit of his experience. In that essay he explained on why at times it is important to defy a law when it is unjustified in its nature. In the 1960s America witnessed one of the movements that was discernible by its persistence on civil disobedience. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, was the man who initiated this movement that was peaceful but forceful in its nature. The plan for Dr. Luther King was to make possible and apply as many acts of resistance as achievable but not though any sort of violence. According to Rawls, (2013), Luther King wanted the civil rights activists to aggravate thought, critical assessment of the society and government at large and a fundamental change in the procedure of the government and the society along with treatment of marginalized minorities. Luther King masterminded the civil disobedience power by generating a significant mass of individual people to group together and show solidarity (King Jr, 2013).. Also, other historical figures have engaged themselves in civil disobedience through their acts in a more delicate way. There is evidence of poet Amiri Baraka who made use of his poems as instrument of vigorous, non-violent confrontation. Baraka was taken in as politically fundamental, his poems or poetry continued to be proceeds of civil disobedience. ((Thoreau, 2016) Baraka never advocated violence; instead his sturdy emotion that depicted through his poems became his act of conflict. Mahatma Gandhi, during his days in the jail did came across the essay of civil disobedience by Henry David Thoreau, the 19th century writer from America. Gandhi was happy enough to use the term civil disobedience as his strategy in fighting against the British rule and refusing to oblige with injustice that was being made (Haq, 2016). However, Mahatma Gandhi preferred using the term satyagraha, a Sanskrit word which means devotion to truth. As per Singh, (2016), following his release from the jail, Mahatma Gandhi continued with his remonstration in the registration law by sustaining labor strikes and systematizing non-violent marches, which were massive in number. It was because of this civil disobedience perspective of Mahatma Gandhi that the Boer Government agreed on eliminating the most obnoxious parts of the registration law. According to Mehta, (2014), Mahatma Gandhi was a person who bestowed his entire life on the non-violence principles and civil disobedience. In India, his peaceful leadership and protest rallies encouraged other Indian people to gripe and persevere until independence was achieved in 1947 from the British rule. Thus it can be concluded that change cannot only be achieved through violence as is evident from the present global scenario where terrorist organizations have taken a liking to create a massacre that only take away lives but do not really achieve anything in real. There is simply no purpose or objective in killing thousands of innocent people. However, history has given us many instances where something big has been achieved with proper planning and strategies and without any bloodshed. War and violence can never be the solution in bringing peace and uniforming humanity at the global stage. War and violence only creates massive destruction, loss of lives and financial resources, which cannot be recovered ever. Violence has uprooted the sound economy and stability from many countries, though that is never wanted by anyone. True leaders have found out that being aggressive is not the only thing that leads to achieving things, sometimes one need to be calm and composed to be able to th ink and achieve big without taking up arms. Reference: Barkun, M. (2015). The Foundations of Modern Terrorism: State, Society and the Dynamics of Political Violence by Martin A. Miller (review).Journal for the Study of Radicalism,9(2), 171-173. Blaug, R., Schwarzmantel, J. (Eds.). (2016).Democracy: A reader. Columbia University Press. Bosi, L., Malthaner, S. (2015). Political violence. InThe Oxford Handbook of Social Movements(p. 439). Oxford University Press. Bosi, L., Malthaner, S. (2015). Political violence. InThe Oxford Handbook of Social Movements(p. 439). Oxford University Press. Chaturvedi, S. (2016). 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